Introduction to Graves’ disease

It is an autoimmune disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). It was named for the doctor who first described it in Ireland, Robert J. Graves. It affects women more than men. In this, the immune system creates antibodies that cause the thyroid to grow and make more thyroid hormone than body needs. These antibodies are called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin’s (TSIs).

Causes

The exact cause is not known but it is said that it is caused by a malfunction in the immune system.

Symptoms

Anxiety

Irritation

A fine tremor of hands or fingers

Weight loss

Enlargement of thyroid gland

Change in menstrual cycles

Erectile dysfunction

Frequent bowel movements

Bulging eyes

Fatigue

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

Muscle weakness

Diagnosis

The physical exam is done to check eyes and thyroid gland. Pulse and blood pressure are checked.

The blood test is done to determine the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the pituitary hormone that normally stimulates the thyroid gland, as well as levels of thyroid hormones.

Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI.

Treatment

The goal is to inhibit the production of thyroid hormones and to block the effect of the hormones on the body. Its treatment includes:

Radioactive Iodine Therapy: Radioactive iodine or radioiodine is taken by mouth as the thyroid needs iodine to produce hormones. The radioiodine goes into the thyroid cells and the radioactivity destroys the overactive thyroid cells over time.

Anti-thyroid Medications:  These medicines interfere with the thyroid’s use of iodine to produce hormones.

Beta Blockers: They block the effect of thyroid hormones on the body.

Surgery: All part of the thyroid are removed to get relief from Graves’ disease.